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Angela Dorothea Merkel pronounced [aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] listen ; [a] née Kasner ; born 17 July is a German politician who has been serving as the chancellor of Germany since She served as the leader of the Opposition from to and as the leader of the Christian Democratic Union CDU from to Merkel was born in Hamburg in then- West Germanymoving to East Germany as an infant when her father, a Lutheran clergyman, received a pastorate in Perleberg.
She obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in and worked as a research scientist until Following German reunification inMerkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. As the protégée of Chancellor Helmut KohlMerkel was appointed as Minister for Women and Youth inlater becoming Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in After the CDU lost the federal angela ehlers dissertationMerkel was elected CDU General Secretarybefore becoming the party's first female leader and the first female Leader of the Opposition two years later, in the aftermath of a donations scandal that toppled Wolfgang Schäuble, angela ehlers dissertation.
Following the federal electionMerkel was appointed to succeed Gerhard Schröder as Chancellor of Germany, leading a grand coalition consisting of the CDU, its Bavarian sister party the Christian Social Union CSU and the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD. Merkel was the first woman to be elected as Chancellor, and the first Chancellor since German reunification to have been raised in the former East Germany.
At the federal electionangela ehlers dissertation, the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel was able to form a coalition angela ehlers dissertation with the Free Democratic Party FDP.
In foreign policyMerkel has emphasised international cooperation, both in the context of the European Union and NATOand strengthening transatlantic economic relations. InMerkel served as President of the European Council and played a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. Merkel played a crucial role in managing the global financial crisis of — and the European debt crisis.
She negotiated the European Union stimulus plan focusing on infrastructure spending and public investment to counteract the Great Recession. In domestic policy, Merkel's Energiewende program has focused on future energy developmentangela ehlers dissertation, seeking to phase out nuclear power in Germanyreduce greenhouse gas emissionsand increase renewable energy sources.
Reforms to the Bundeswehr which abolished conscription, health care reformand her government's response to the s European migrant crisis and the COVID pandemic in Germany have been major issues during her chancellorship. In she became the longest-serving incumbent head of government in the European Union. In OctoberMerkel announced that she would stand down as Leader of the CDU at the party convention, angela ehlers dissertation, and would not seek a fifth term as Chancellor in the federal election.
Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner inin HamburgWest Germanythe daughter of Horst Kasner —; né Kaźmierczak[20] [21] a Lutheran pastor and a native of Berlin, and his wife Herlind —; née Jentzschborn in Danzig now Gdańskangela ehlers dissertation, Polanda teacher of English and Latin.
She has two younger siblings, Marcus Kasnera physicist, and Irene Kasner, an occupational therapist. In her childhood and youth, Merkel was known among her peers by the nickname "Kasi", derived from her last name Kasner, angela ehlers dissertation.
Merkel is of German and Polish descent. Her paternal grandfather, Ludwik Kasnerwas a German policeman of Polish ethnicity, who had taken part in Poland's struggle for independence in the early 20th century. Inthey Germanized the Polish name Kaźmierczak to Kasner.
Since the mid s, Merkel has publicly mentioned her Polish heritage on several occasions and described herself as a quarter Polish, but her Polish roots became better known as a result of a biography.
Religion played a key role in the Angela ehlers dissertation family's migration from West Germany to East Germany. Inwhen Angela was just three months old, her father received a pastorate at the church in Quitzow [ de ] a quarter of Perleberg in Brandenburgwhich was then in East Germany.
The family moved to Templin and Merkel grew up in the countryside 90 km 56 mi north of East Berlin. InMerkel joined angela ehlers dissertation Free German Youth FDJthe official communist angela ehlers dissertation movement sponsored by the ruling Marxist—Leninist Socialist Unity Party of Germany.
Instead, she was confirmed. At school Merkel learned to speak Russian fluently, and was awarded prizes for her proficiency in Russian and mathematics. She was the best in her class in mathematics and Russian, and completed her school education with the best possible average Abitur grade 1. Merkel continued her education at Karl Marx University, Leipzigangela ehlers dissertation, where she studied physics from to Such an initiative was unprecedented in the GDR of that period, and initially resisted by the university.
With backing of the local leadership of the SED party, the project was allowed to proceed. Near the end of her studies, Merkel sought an assistant professorship at an engineering school. As a condition for getting the job, Merkel was told she would need to agree to report on her colleagues to officers of the Ministry for State Security Stasi.
Merkel declined, using the excuse that she could not keep secrets well enough to be an effective spy. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Adlershof from to At first she and her husband squatted in Mitte. According to her former colleagues, she openly propagated Marxism as the secretary for "Agitation and Propaganda".
After being awarded a doctorate Dr. for her thesis on quantum chemistry in[44] she worked as a researcher and published several papers. The fall of the Berlin Angela ehlers dissertation in November served as the catalyst for Merkel's political career. Although she did not participate in the crowd celebrations the night the wall came down, one month later Merkel became involved in the growing democracy movement, joining the new party Democratic Beginning.
Following the first and only multi-party election in East Germany, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre- unification caretaker government under Lothar de Maizière. In AprilDemocratic Awakening merged with the East German Christian Democratic Unionangela ehlers dissertation, which in turn merged with its western counterpart after reunification. In the German federal angela ehlers dissertation ofthe first to be held following reunification, Merkel successfully stood for election to the Bundestag in the parliamentary constituency of Stralsund — Nordvorpommern — Rügen in north Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Almost immediately following her entry into parliament, Merkel was appointed by Chancellor Helmut Kohl to serve as Minister for Women and Youth in the federal cabinet. In NovemberMerkel ran for the leadership of the neighboring CDU in Brandenburg. She lost to Ulf Finke; this has been the only election to date Merkel has lost. In Juneangela ehlers dissertation, she was elected leader of the CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, succeeding her former mentor Günther Angela ehlers dissertation. Inshe was promoted to the position of Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safetywhich gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her personal political career.
As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest Cabinet Minister, she was frequently referred to by Kohl as mein Mädchen "my girl". After the Kohl Government was defeated at the electionMerkel was appointed Secretary-General of the CDU[50] a key position as the party was no longer part of the federal government.
Angela ehlers dissertation a party funding scandal that compromised many leading figures of the CDU — including Kohl himself and his successor as CDU Leader, Wolfgang Schäuble — Merkel criticised her former mentor publicly and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was subsequently elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female leader of a German party on 10 April Following Merkel's election as CDU Leader, the CDU was not able to win in subsequent state elections.
As early as February her rival Friedrich Merz had made clear he intended to become Chancellor Gerhard Schröder 's main challenger in the election. Merkel's own ambition to become Chancellor was well-known, angela ehlers dissertation, but she lacked the support of most Minister-presidents and other grandees within her own party. She was subsequently outmaneuvered politically by CSU Leader Edmund Stoiberangela ehlers dissertation, to whom she eventually ceded the privilege of challenging Schröder.
While Chancellor Schröder made clear he would not join the war in Iraq, angela ehlers dissertation, [54] Merkel and the CDU-CSU supported the invasion of Iraq. After Stoiber's defeat inin addition to her role as CDU Leader, Merkel became Leader of the Opposition in the Bundestag ; Friedrich Merz, who had held the post prior to the election, angela ehlers dissertation, was angela ehlers dissertation out to make way for Merkel. Stoiber voted for Merkel.
Merkel supported angela ehlers dissertation substantial reform agenda for Germany's economic and social system, and was considered more pro-market than her own party the CDU.
She advocated German labour law changes, specifically removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, angela ehlers dissertation. She argued that existing laws made the country less competitive, because companies could not easily control labour costs when business is slow, angela ehlers dissertation.
Merkel argued that Germany should phase out nuclear power less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.
Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring ofdefying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the invasion of Iraqdescribing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism, angela ehlers dissertation. She criticised the government's support for the accession of Turkey to the European Union and favoured a " privileged partnership " instead.
In doing so, she reflected public opinion that grew more hostile toward Turkish membership of the European Union. Her party began the campaign with a point lead over the SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent.
Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again angela ehlers dissertation the party's broad appeal on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation [ citation needed ] was designed to benefit only the rich.
The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes angela ehlers dissertation increase VAT. On the eve of the election, Merkel was still favored to win a decisive victory based on opinion polls. The First Merkel cabinet was sworn in at CET on 22 November On 31 Octoberafter the defeat of his favoured candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, Franz Müntefering indicated that he would resign as party chairman, which he did in November.
Ostensibly responding to this, Edmund Stoiber CSUwho was originally nominated as Minister for Economics and Technology, angela ehlers dissertation, announced his withdrawal on 1 November While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU, and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on 14 November The second Cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in on 28 October On 22 NovemberMerkel assumed the office of Chancellor of Germany following a stalemate election that resulted in a grand coalition with the SPD.
The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November Reports at the time indicated that the grand coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differed from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor, angela ehlers dissertation.
When announcing the coalition agreement, Merkel stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it was this issue on which her government would be judged. Angela ehlers dissertation party was re-elected in with an increased number of seats, and could form a governing coalition with the FDP.
This term was overshadowed by the European debt crisis. Conscription in Germany was abolished and the Bundeswehr became a volunteer military. Unemployment sank below the mark of angela ehlers dissertation million unemployed people. The third Cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in on 17 December Midway through her second term, Merkel's approval plummeted in Germany, resulting in heavy losses in state elections for her party. In the federal electionMerkel led her party to victory for the fourth time.
A YouGov survey published in late December found that just 36 percent of all respondents wanted Merkel to stay at the helm untilangela ehlers dissertation, while half of those surveyed voters called for a change at the top before the end of the legislature, angela ehlers dissertation.
The Fourth Merkel cabinet is the incumbent government of Germany, and angela ehlers dissertation sworn in on 14 March In OctoberMerkel announced that she had decided not to run for re-election in the federal election. In Septembershe referred to her party after she leaves the chancellery, and said that "after 16 years one does not automatically return to the chancellery, angela ehlers dissertation, that was clear to everyone in the CDU and CSU", describing the close opinion polls about the upcoming election.
The remarks came as the Social Democrats had overtaken her conservatives in recent polls.
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